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A 75-year-old lady is brought into the emergency department with two episodes of significant, fresh PR bleeding.
She has little in the way of past medical history.
Rank the likelihood of the following diagnoses in this patient.
Diverticular disease
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Ischaemic colitis
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Colonic carcinoma
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Angiodysplasia
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The patient has a pulse of 120 bpm, blood pressure 90/60mmHg, is alert and orientated and seems to have no further bleeding in the department.
Following confirmation of fresh blood PR and initial resuscitation, which one of the following would be the most appropriate initial investigation?
Surgery is infrequently required in a lower GI bleed (approximately 10% of cases).
Which of the following are indications for surgery?