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Question 1 of 5

1. Question
Which of the following statements about trial design are true?
- A confounding variable is a variable that is associated with both the outcome and the intervention
- Bias can be detected by looking at the statistics
- Pragmatic trials are similar to explanatory trials
- Efficacy trials are concerned with how well an intervention works in the ‘real world’
- Pragmatic trials explain how an intervention works
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Question 2 of 5

2. Question
Which of the following statements about randomised controlled trials are true?
- Randomised controlled trials are a good way to evaluate a treatment
- Blinding reduces the effect of confounding variables
- Blinding reduces the effect of bias
- Randomisation reduces the effect of known confounding variables
- Randomisation reduces the effect of unknown confounding variables
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Question 3 of 5

3. Question
Which of the following statements about analysing randomised controlled trials are true?
- The absolute risk reduction is the difference between the event rate in the intervention group and the event rate in the control group
- The absolute risk reduction is a more useful measure than the relative risk
- The absolute risk reduction varies with the outcome prevalence
- The relative risk is usually smaller than the absolute risk reduction
- The relative risk is the ratio of the event rate in the intervention and control groups
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Question 4 of 5

4. Question
Which of the following statements about the "number needed to treat" are true?
- The ‘number needed to treat’ is the inverse of the relative risk
- The ‘number needed to treat’ varies between different populations
- The ‘number needed to treat’ is the inverse of the absolute risk reduction
- A trial where the ‘number needed to prevent one death’ equals eight is reporting a strong effect
- The ‘number needed to treat’ cannot easily be calculated from most papers
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Question 5 of 5

5. Question
Which of the following statements about the applicability of a trial are true?
- Internal validity refers to how well the trial findings can be applied elsewhere
- The findings from randomised controlled trials usually translate well to clinical practice
- A single well conducted trial with good results can change practice
- Multi-centre trials have higher internal validity than single centre trials
- A trial has high external validity when the result can be applied elsewhere
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Critical Appraisal: Appraising a Treatment, Early Goal Directed Therapy

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