Mental Illness in Children

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Author: Jidhin Davis / Editor: Sandi Angus / Codes: / Published: 17/11/2025

This module explores common mental health challenges faced by children and how they often manifest in the Emergency Department (ED) setting. It delves into effective strategies for conducting a comprehensive emergency assessment, while simultaneously de-escalating potentially volatile situations and ensuring the safety of both the child and those around them.

Learning objectives

After completing this session, you will be able to:

  • Recognise the importance of early identification and intervention in childhood mental health crises.
  • Understand the unique presentation of mental health issues in children and adolescents within the ED setting.
  • Define common childhood mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, depression, ADHD, bipolar disorder) and their associated symptoms.
  • Promote early intervention and prevention strategies to reduce the impact of mental health issues on children and adolescents.
  • Foster empathy and understanding for children and adolescents experiencing mental health challenges.
  • Identify risk factors and warning signs for suicide and self-harm in children and adolescents.

References

  1. Royal College of Paedriatricians and Child Health (RCPCH) Paediatricians step up as more children experiencing mental health crisis end up on their wards [Internet]. RCPCH. 2024 [cited 2024 Oct 8].
  2. CDC. Data and Statistics on Childrens Mental Health [Internet]. Childrens Mental Health. 2025.
  3. Papyrus. Latest statistics [Internet]. Papyrus UK | Suicide Prevention Charity. 2022.
  4. Liu S, Ali S, Rosychuk RJ, Newton AS. Characteristics of children and youth who visit the emergency department for a behavioural disorder. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 May;23(2):111-7. PMID: 24872826; PMCID: PMC4032079.
  5. Kowatch RA, Youngstrom EA, Danielyan A, Findling RL. Review and meta-analysis of the phenomenology and clinical characteristics of mania in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disord. 2005 Dec;7(6):483-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00261.x.
  6. National Institute for Health and care excellence (NICE). Recommendations | Bipolar disorder: assessment and management | [CG185] NICE, Last updated: 02 September 2025.
  7. Birmaher B, Brent D, et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with depressive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Nov;46(11):1503-26. doi: 10.1097/chi.0b013e318145ae1c.
  8. Rao U, Chen LA. Characteristics, correlates, and outcomes of childhood and adolescent depressive disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2009;11(1):45-62. doi: 10.31887/DCNS.2009.11.1/urao.
  9. Kadiyala PK. Mnemonics for diagnostic criteria of DSM V mental disorders: a scoping review. Gen Psychiatr. 2020 May 14;33(3):e100109. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100109. Erratum in: Gen Psychiatr. 2020 May 26;33(3):e100109corr1. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100109corr1.
  10. Khouzam HR. A simple mnemonic for the diagnostic criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder. West J Med. 2001 Jun;174(6):424. doi: 10.1136/ewjm.174.6.424.
  11. National Institute for Health and care excellence (NICE). Recommendations | Post-traumatic stress disorder [NG116] NICE, 2018.
  12. Salari N, Pegah Heidarian, Tarrahi MJ, Mansourian M, et al. Global prevalence of eating disorders in children: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics. 2025 Apr 7;51(1).
  13. World Health Organisation (WHO). Risks To Mental Health: An Overview of Vulnerabilities and Risk Factors. Background Paper by Who Secretariat for the Development of a Comprehensive Mental Health Action Plan [Internet]. WHO; 2012 [cited 2025 Sep 19].
  14. Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM, Shaffer D. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Apr;42(4):386-405. doi: 10.1097/01.CHI.0000046821.95464.CF. PMID: 12649626.
  15. Brown S, Eales S, Hayhurst C, Hood S, McAllister E; Side by Side UK Consensus Statement Group. Side by side: A UK-wide consensus statement on working together to help patients with mental health needs in acute hospitals. London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists, The Royal College of Nursing, The Royal College of Emergency Medicine, The Royal College of Physicians; 2020 [cited 2025 Sep 13].
  16. National Institute for Health and care excellence (NICE). Recommendations | Depression in children and young people: identification and management | NG134] NICE, 2019.

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